Saint Edmund
| Saint Edmund, King of East Anglia ca. 841-869. After the icon by Anna Dimascio |
Whats in a name?
OE Eadmund or ÆdmundThe name Edmund, Eadmund or Ædmund in manuscripts, consists of two Old English (OE) words: ead and mund (Bosworth 1898: 225).
OE ead
The word OE ead can occur as an adjective or a noun (Bosworth 1898: 239). It is assumed here to take the noun form. The word OE ead is difficult to translate and is glossed into Latin by a number of different words, for example as possessio, opes, divitiae, prosperitas, felicitas and beatitudo: 'a possession', 'prosperity', 'happiness', 'bliss'. This would suggest that the word OE ead was a particular OE concept for which the Latin-trained writers of Anglo-Saxon England found it difficult to give an easy or straightforward parrallel in Church Latin.
The word has parallels in other Germanic languages; Old Saxon od 'estate' or 'wealth' and in Old High German as ot, which is translated as the Latin word 'praedium'. In Old Norse the word occurs as auðr meaning 'riches' or 'wealth'. In Old Swedish the noun occurs in a masculine form öþer and neuter ödh, originally this meant 'property' or 'wealth' although this has since gained a modern meaning of 'luck' or 'fate' (öde).
In Gothic from the 4th century AD the adjectival form audags meant 'blessed' and had a clearly Christian connection. However, this early use of the term as an adjective would suggest that secondary meanings in Old English of 'happiness', 'bliss', 'blessed' and 'happy' were present before the 9th century and may have been introduced in the 7th century by the conversion of Anglo-Saxon East Anglia to Christianity.
OE mund
OE mund is a far easier word to translate and is normally rendered as in this context 'protection' (Bosworth 1898: 700)
Bosworth has therefore translated the name Edmund to be 'Happy Protection' (Bosworth 1898: 225) . However, his does not quite convey the sense of wealth or property that is implied in the word OE ead. Perhaps a more nuanced interpretation of Edmund as a King's name would be 'protector of the prosperity [of the Kingdom]' or 'protector of the common wealth [of the Kingdom]'.
Bosworth, J., (1898) An Anglo-Saxon dictionary based on the manuscript collections of the late J. Bosworth edited and enlarged by T. Northcote Toller, Vol 1 & 2, Clarendon Press, Oxford